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Topic 2 · Competency 1: Principles of American Democracy

Limiting Power: Practice Questions

143 practice questions on separation of powers, checks and balances, rule of law, constitutionalism, and federalism. Answers are hidden until you click "Show answer."

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Original practice questions written to the FCLE competencies, not actual exam items.

Separation of Powers (20)

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  1. Use the excerpt below, from the U.S. Constitution, to answer the question that follows.

    "The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. separation of powers
    2. popular sovereignty
    3. social contract
    4. representative government
    Show answer

    A. separation of powers: The excerpt from the U.S. Constitution reflects separation of powers.

  2. Which Enlightenment thinker most influenced the separation of powers in the U.S. Constitution?

    1. Montesquieu
    2. Rousseau
    3. Hobbes
    4. Voltaire
    Show answer

    A. Montesquieu: Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws argued for separating governmental powers.

  3. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    The Constitution gives lawmaking power to Congress, enforcement power to the president, and the power to interpret laws to the courts.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. constitutionalism
    2. separation of powers
    3. direct democracy
    4. republicanism
    Show answer

    B. separation of powers: This scenario illustrates separation of powers: the division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

  4. Use the excerpt below, from the U.S. Constitution, to answer the question that follows.

    "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. separation of powers
    2. protection against unreasonable searches
    3. popular sovereignty
    4. protection of private homes from soldiers
    Show answer

    A. separation of powers: The excerpt from the U.S. Constitution reflects separation of powers.

  5. Use the excerpt below, from the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, to answer the question that follows.

    "...the legislative department shall never exercise the executive and judicial powers... to the end it may be a government of laws and not of men."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. protection against unreasonable searches
    2. the right of revolution
    3. natural rights
    4. separation of powers
    Show answer

    D. separation of powers: The excerpt from the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 reflects separation of powers.

  6. Which Enlightenment idea is reflected in the Constitution's division of power among three branches?

    1. the divine right of kings
    2. Hobbes's absolute sovereign
    3. mercantilism
    4. Montesquieu's separation of powers
    Show answer

    D. Montesquieu's separation of powers: The Framers drew on The Spirit of the Laws.

  7. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    A member of Congress must resign her seat before accepting a position as a cabinet secretary.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. separation of powers
    2. natural rights
    3. popular sovereignty
    4. equality under the law
    Show answer

    A. separation of powers: This scenario illustrates separation of powers: the division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

  8. Which thinker argued in The Spirit of the Laws that liberty requires separating legislative, executive, and judicial powers?

    1. Baron de Montesquieu
    2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
    3. Cicero
    4. Thomas Hobbes
    Show answer

    A. Baron de Montesquieu: Baron de Montesquieu argued in The Spirit of the Laws that liberty requires separating legislative, executive, and judicial powers.

  9. Use the excerpt below, from the U.S. Constitution, to answer the question that follows.

    "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. the right of revolution
    2. separation of powers
    3. support for public education
    4. social contract
    Show answer

    B. separation of powers: The excerpt from the U.S. Constitution reflects separation of powers.

  10. Which principle of American government is best described as the division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches?

    1. majority rule with minority rights
    2. limited government
    3. equality under the law
    4. separation of powers
    Show answer

    D. separation of powers: Separation of powers is the division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

  11. Montesquieu warned that when the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person or body, there can be no

    1. liberty.
    2. taxation.
    3. trade.
    4. religion.
    Show answer

    A. liberty.: In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that combining governmental powers leads to tyranny, so liberty requires keeping them separate.

  12. A governor tries to personally decide criminal trials in addition to running the state's executive branch. Which principle is most clearly violated?

    1. Separation of powers
    2. Popular sovereignty
    3. Federalism
    4. Full faith and credit
    Show answer

    A. Separation of powers: Deciding cases is a judicial function. When one official both enforces the law and judges cases, executive and judicial powers are combined.

  13. Which of the following is a power of the judicial branch?

    1. Writing and passing laws
    2. Commanding the armed forces
    3. Interpreting laws when deciding cases
    4. Collecting taxes
    Show answer

    C. Interpreting laws when deciding cases: Article III gives the courts the judicial power: deciding cases and controversies, which requires interpreting the law.

  14. Under the Constitution, which branch has the power to declare war?

    1. The executive branch (the president)
    2. The judicial branch (the Supreme Court)
    3. The legislative branch (Congress)
    4. The state governments
    Show answer

    C. The legislative branch (Congress): Article I, Section 8 gives Congress the power "To declare War." The president is commander in chief of the armed forces.

  15. Which term describes dividing government's authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches?

    1. Rule of law
    2. Limited government
    3. Judicial review
    4. Separation of powers
    Show answer

    D. Separation of powers: Separation of powers is dividing government's authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

  16. Which statement best defines "separation of powers"?

    1. A system in which citizens elect officials to make laws and decisions on their behalf.
    2. An election in which voters choose a party's candidates for the general election.
    3. Dividing government's authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
    4. Redistributing the 435 House seats among the states after each census.
    Show answer

    C. Dividing government's authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.: Separation of powers: dividing government's authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

  17. Which principle is best illustrated by this situation? The Constitution gives lawmaking to Congress, law enforcement to the president, and law interpretation to the courts.

    1. Federalism
    2. Separation of powers
    3. Limited government
    4. Social contract
    Show answer

    B. Separation of powers: This situation illustrates separation of powers.

  18. A state constitution forbids any person from serving as a legislator and a judge at the same time. This is an example of which principle?

    1. Separation of powers
    2. Popular sovereignty
    3. Direct democracy
    4. Social contract
    Show answer

    A. Separation of powers: This situation illustrates separation of powers.

  19. Read the scenario: Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution each describe a different branch of government. Which principle of American government does it reflect?

    1. Equal protection
    2. Separation of powers
    3. Social contract
    4. Majority rule with minority rights
    Show answer

    B. Separation of powers: This situation illustrates separation of powers.

  20. Each of the following is an example of separation of powers EXCEPT

    1. Voters approve a new state constitution in a statewide election.
    2. The Constitution gives lawmaking to Congress, law enforcement to the president, and law interpretation to the courts.
    3. A state constitution forbids any person from serving as a legislator and a judge at the same time.
    4. Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution each describe a different branch of government.
    Show answer

    A. Voters approve a new state constitution in a statewide election.: That situation illustrates popular sovereignty, not separation of powers.

Federalism (33)

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  1. Which principle of American government is best described as the division of power between a national government and state governments?

    1. popular sovereignty
    2. natural rights
    3. social contract
    4. federalism
    Show answer

    D. federalism: Federalism is the division of power between a national government and state governments.

  2. Which level of government is primarily responsible for regulating trade with foreign nations?

    1. state government
    2. county government
    3. national government
    4. city government
    Show answer

    C. national government: The Commerce Clause gives Congress this power.

  3. When the federal government requires states to do something without providing funds, it is called a(n)

    1. filibuster
    2. unfunded mandate
    3. block grant
    4. reserved power
    Show answer

    B. unfunded mandate: Unfunded mandates impose requirements without money.

  4. Which statement best describes the principle of federalism?

    1. A system in which citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf.
    2. The freedom of each person to act, believe, and speak without unreasonable government interference.
    3. Rights that people are born with and that do not come from government.
    4. The division of power between a national government and state governments.
    Show answer

    D. The division of power between a national government and state governments.: Federalism is the division of power between a national government and state governments.

  5. Which term describes a loose alliance of sovereign states with a weak central government, like the Articles of Confederation?

    1. federal system
    2. parliamentary system
    3. unitary system
    4. confederal system
    Show answer

    D. confederal system: A confederation leaves most power with member states.

  6. How did the Civil War and the Fourteenth Amendment affect federalism?

    1. They abolished state governments.
    2. They returned to the Articles of Confederation.
    3. They strengthened national authority over the states, especially on civil rights.
    4. They gave states the right to secede.
    Show answer

    C. They strengthened national authority over the states, especially on civil rights.: The Fourteenth Amendment restricted state power and expanded federal protection of rights.

  7. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    States set rules for marriage licenses while the national government prints money.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. individual liberty
    2. republicanism
    3. due process
    4. federalism
    Show answer

    D. federalism: This scenario illustrates federalism: the division of power between a national government and state governments.

  8. Which statement best describes federalism in practice in the United States?

    1. Counties may ignore both state and federal law.
    2. All power belongs to the states.
    3. Some powers belong to the national government, some to the states, and some are shared.
    4. All power belongs to the national government.
    Show answer

    C. Some powers belong to the national government, some to the states, and some are shared.: Power is divided and shared between levels.

  9. Which term describes a system in which power is concentrated in a central government that can create or abolish regional governments?

    1. unitary system
    2. confederal system
    3. direct democracy
    4. federal system
    Show answer

    A. unitary system: In a unitary system, local units have only the power the center grants.

  10. Which power is shared by the federal government and the state of Florida?

    1. coining money
    2. declaring war
    3. collecting taxes
    4. making treaties
    Show answer

    C. collecting taxes: Taxing is a concurrent power.

  11. Which is a power reserved to the states?

    1. coining money
    2. declaring war
    3. making treaties
    4. establishing public schools
    Show answer

    D. establishing public schools: The Tenth Amendment reserves undelegated powers such as education to the states.

  12. Use the excerpt below, from the Bill of Rights, to answer the question that follows.

    "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. property rights
    2. limits on punishment
    3. federalism
    4. religious liberty
    Show answer

    C. federalism: The excerpt from the Bill of Rights reflects federalism.

  13. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    Florida sets its own public school graduation requirements while the federal government regulates interstate highways.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. federalism
    2. republicanism
    3. rule of law
    4. majority rule with minority rights
    Show answer

    A. federalism: This scenario illustrates federalism: the division of power between a national government and state governments.

  14. Federal grants that come with strict conditions on how states must use the money are called

    1. categorical grants
    2. revenue sharing
    3. tariffs
    4. block grants
    Show answer

    A. categorical grants: Categorical grants are for specific purposes and come with conditions.

  15. Which of the following is the best example of federalism?

    1. A person is free to criticize government leaders in a blog post without fear of arrest.
    2. States set rules for marriage licenses while the national government prints money.
    3. A citizen chooses which religion to follow, or none, without interference from the government.
    4. Two people who commit the same crime under the same circumstances face the same legal penalties regardless of wealth.
    Show answer

    B. States set rules for marriage licenses while the national government prints money.: Federalism is the division of power between a national government and state governments.

  16. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    A state and the federal government both collect income taxes from the same citizens.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. rule of law
    2. federalism
    3. social contract
    4. direct democracy
    Show answer

    B. federalism: This scenario illustrates federalism: the division of power between a national government and state governments.

  17. Which amendment is most closely associated with protecting state power in the federal system?

    1. Tenth Amendment
    2. Sixteenth Amendment
    3. First Amendment
    4. Fourteenth Amendment
    Show answer

    A. Tenth Amendment: The Tenth Amendment reserves powers to the states or the people.

  18. Which level of government in Florida is responsible for issuing driver's licenses?

    1. the U.S. Department of Transportation
    2. county commission only
    3. federal government
    4. state government
    Show answer

    D. state government: Licensing drivers is a state power.

  19. What is federalism?

    1. A system in which all power is held by the national government
    2. A system in which the states are fully independent countries
    3. A system in which one branch controls the other two
    4. A system in which power is divided between a national government and state governments
    Show answer

    D. A system in which power is divided between a national government and state governments: Under the Constitution, the national government and the states each have their own powers, and some powers are shared.

  20. Florida sets its own requirements for earning a teaching certificate. This reflects which feature of federalism?

    1. Powers delegated to Congress
    2. Powers reserved to the states
    3. Powers denied to all governments
    4. Powers given to the president
    Show answer

    B. Powers reserved to the states: Education and professional licensing are not delegated to the national government, so under the Tenth Amendment they are reserved to the states.

  21. Which power is shared by the national and state governments (a concurrent power)?

    1. Coining money
    2. Declaring war
    3. Making treaties with foreign nations
    4. Borrowing money
    Show answer

    D. Borrowing money: Both levels of government may tax, borrow money, make and enforce laws, and establish courts. Coining money, declaring war, and making treaties belong only to the national government.

  22. Which power does the Constitution deny to the states?

    1. Entering into treaties with foreign nations
    2. Creating local governments
    3. Issuing marriage licenses
    4. Setting speed limits on state roads
    Show answer

    A. Entering into treaties with foreign nations: Article I, Section 10 forbids states to "enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation," coin money, or grant titles of nobility.

  23. After a hurricane strikes Florida, the governor activates the state National Guard and the president approves a federal disaster declaration that sends federal aid. This situation best illustrates

    1. the separation of powers between Congress and the courts.
    2. judicial review of a state action.
    3. the Full Faith and Credit Clause.
    4. federalism, with state and national governments both acting.
    Show answer

    D. federalism, with state and national governments both acting.: Disaster response is a clear example of cooperative federalism: each level of government uses its own powers to address the same problem.

  24. How does the Tenth Amendment support federalism?

    1. It makes federal law supreme over state law.
    2. It lets the president overrule governors.
    3. It reserves powers not delegated to the national government to the states or the people.
    4. It requires states to recognize one another's court judgments.
    Show answer

    C. It reserves powers not delegated to the national government to the states or the people.: The Tenth Amendment states that powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the states, "are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

  25. A Florida county sets property-tax rates while the federal government prints money. This division best illustrates

    1. federalism
    2. judicial review
    3. checks and balances within one branch
    4. the rule of law
    Show answer

    A. federalism: Federalism divides power between national and state (and local) governments.

  26. Which statement best defines "concurrent powers"?

    1. The power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional.
    2. A primary in which only voters registered with a party may vote for that party's candidates.
    3. The idea that the people are the ultimate source of the government's authority.
    4. Powers shared by the national and state governments, such as taxing and borrowing.
    Show answer

    D. Powers shared by the national and state governments, such as taxing and borrowing.: Concurrent powers: powers shared by the national and state governments, such as taxing and borrowing.

  27. Which term describes powers kept by the states because they are not given to the national government?

    1. Federalism
    2. Judicial review
    3. Checks and balances
    4. Reserved powers
    Show answer

    D. Reserved powers: Reserved powers is powers kept by the states because they are not given to the national government.

  28. Which statement best defines "reserved powers"?

    1. The power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional.
    2. The division of power between a national government and state governments.
    3. Powers kept by the states because they are not given to the national government.
    4. An election held outside the normal schedule, such as to fill a vacant seat.
    Show answer

    C. Powers kept by the states because they are not given to the national government.: Reserved powers: powers kept by the states because they are not given to the national government.

  29. Which principle is best illustrated by this situation? Florida sets its own requirements for a driver's license while the national government prints currency.

    1. Natural rights
    2. Federalism
    3. Separation of powers
    4. Popular sovereignty
    Show answer

    B. Federalism: This situation illustrates federalism.

  30. Both the state and national governments collect income or sales taxes and borrow money. This is an example of which principle?

    1. Representative democracy
    2. Individual liberty
    3. Checks and balances
    4. Federalism
    Show answer

    D. Federalism: This situation illustrates federalism.

  31. Read the scenario: A county school board sets its calendar while Congress funds a national school lunch program. Which principle of American government does it reflect?

    1. Social contract
    2. Rule of law
    3. Federalism
    4. Separation of powers
    Show answer

    C. Federalism: This situation illustrates federalism.

  32. Which principle is best illustrated by this situation? The national government handles treaties with other nations, while states run elections and set marriage laws.

    1. Equal protection
    2. Rule of law
    3. Limited government
    4. Federalism
    Show answer

    D. Federalism: This situation illustrates federalism.

  33. Each of the following is an example of federalism EXCEPT

    1. Florida sets its own requirements for a driver's license while the national government prints currency.
    2. The Senate refuses to ratify a treaty the president negotiated.
    3. Both the state and national governments collect income or sales taxes and borrow money.
    4. The national government handles treaties with other nations, while states run elections and set marriage laws.
    Show answer

    B. The Senate refuses to ratify a treaty the president negotiated.: That situation illustrates checks and balances, not federalism.

Constitutionalism and Limited Government (20)

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  1. Which statement best describes the principle of constitutionalism?

    1. A system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.
    2. A system in which citizens vote on laws themselves rather than through representatives.
    3. The principle that laws apply equally to all people, without guaranteeing equal outcomes.
    4. The idea that government is limited by and must follow a written constitution.
    Show answer

    D. The idea that government is limited by and must follow a written constitution.: Constitutionalism is the idea that government is limited by and must follow a written constitution.

  2. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    The Constitution lists the powers of Congress, and the Tenth Amendment reserves other powers to the states or the people.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. majority rule with minority rights
    2. equality under the law
    3. checks and balances
    4. limited government
    Show answer

    D. limited government: This scenario illustrates limited government: the principle that government may only exercise the powers granted to it.

  3. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    A government official refuses to act beyond the powers listed in the written constitution.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. checks and balances
    2. republicanism
    3. equality under the law
    4. constitutionalism
    Show answer

    D. constitutionalism: This scenario illustrates constitutionalism: the idea that government is limited by and must follow a written constitution.

  4. Which statement best describes the principle of limited government?

    1. The principle that government may only exercise the powers granted to it.
    2. The division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
    3. The principle that laws apply equally to all people, without guaranteeing equal outcomes.
    4. A system in which citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf.
    Show answer

    A. The principle that government may only exercise the powers granted to it.: Limited government is the principle that government may only exercise the powers granted to it.

  5. Use the excerpt below, from the English Bill of Rights, to answer the question that follows.

    "That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. natural rights
    2. limited government
    3. protection against unlawful imprisonment
    4. protection of private homes from soldiers
    Show answer

    B. limited government: The excerpt from the English Bill of Rights reflects limited government.

  6. Which of the following is the best example of limited government?

    1. The Constitution lists the powers of Congress, and the Tenth Amendment reserves other powers to the states or the people.
    2. A city council passes a budget by majority vote but cannot use it to deny a religious group the right to worship.
    3. A member of Congress must resign her seat before accepting a position as a cabinet secretary.
    4. Even though most voters favor a ban on an unpopular newspaper, the courts protect its right to publish.
    Show answer

    A. The Constitution lists the powers of Congress, and the Tenth Amendment reserves other powers to the states or the people.: Limited government is the principle that government may only exercise the powers granted to it.

  7. Constitutionalism means that

    1. laws can be changed by any official at will
    2. the ruler's word is law
    3. courts have no power over the legislature
    4. government power is limited by a fundamental law
    Show answer

    D. government power is limited by a fundamental law: Constitutionalism places government under a higher law.

  8. Which principle of American government is best described as the idea that government is limited by and must follow a written constitution?

    1. republicanism
    2. constitutionalism
    3. individual liberty
    4. social contract
    Show answer

    B. constitutionalism: Constitutionalism is the idea that government is limited by and must follow a written constitution.

  9. What is the principal function of a written constitution?

    1. resolving disputes between private parties
    2. declaring independence from another country
    3. listing all laws a legislature has passed
    4. outlining the structure and powers of a government
    Show answer

    D. outlining the structure and powers of a government: A constitution sets up and limits government.

  10. Which of the following is the best example of constitutionalism?

    1. A government official refuses to act beyond the powers listed in the written constitution.
    2. A person is free to criticize government leaders in a blog post without fear of arrest.
    3. The Supreme Court strikes down a law signed by the president.
    4. Two people who commit the same crime under the same circumstances face the same legal penalties regardless of wealth.
    Show answer

    A. A government official refuses to act beyond the powers listed in the written constitution.: Constitutionalism is the idea that government is limited by and must follow a written constitution.

  11. Which document is the oldest written national constitution still in use today?

    1. the Magna Carta
    2. the English Bill of Rights
    3. the U.S. Constitution
    4. the Articles of Confederation
    Show answer

    C. the U.S. Constitution: The U.S. Constitution took effect in 1789.

  12. Which statement best reflects the philosophical foundation of constitutionalism?

    1. A ruler's will should be the supreme law.
    2. Constitutions should be changed by any official at will.
    3. Laws should not be written down.
    4. Government power must be limited by fundamental law to protect rights.
    Show answer

    D. Government power must be limited by fundamental law to protect rights.: Constitutionalism places government under higher law.

  13. Which principle of American government is best described as the principle that government may only exercise the powers granted to it?

    1. limited government
    2. direct democracy
    3. republicanism
    4. checks and balances
    Show answer

    A. limited government: Limited government is the principle that government may only exercise the powers granted to it.

  14. What is constitutionalism?

    1. The idea that government power must be limited by a fundamental body of law
    2. The belief that the national government should have unlimited power
    3. The practice of electing judges to the Supreme Court
    4. The rule that states may ignore the national constitution
    Show answer

    A. The idea that government power must be limited by a fundamental body of law: Constitutionalism means government is created by, and must operate within, the limits of a constitution.

  15. Which of the following is an example of limited government in the U.S. Constitution?

    1. The First Amendment forbids Congress from making a law establishing a religion.
    2. Congress may pass any law it considers useful.
    3. The president may serve as many terms as voters allow.
    4. States may coin their own money.
    Show answer

    A. The First Amendment forbids Congress from making a law establishing a religion.: The Bill of Rights lists things government may not do, a central feature of limited government.

  16. Which is a feature of unlimited government?

    1. The ruler is not bound by law, and citizens have no protected rights.
    2. Regular elections choose leaders.
    3. Independent courts can overturn government actions.
    4. A written bill of rights protects individuals.
    Show answer

    A. The ruler is not bound by law, and citizens have no protected rights.: In an unlimited (authoritarian or totalitarian) government, no constitution or court can restrain those in power.

  17. Which term describes the principle that government may exercise only the powers granted to it by the people through a constitution?

    1. Limited government
    2. Reserved powers
    3. Checks and balances
    4. Impeachment
    Show answer

    A. Limited government: Limited government is the principle that government may exercise only the powers granted to it by the people through a constitution.

  18. Which statement best defines "limited government"?

    1. An organization that raises and contributes money to candidates, subject to contribution limits.
    2. The principle that government may exercise only the powers granted to it by the people through a constitution.
    3. Citizenship based on being born on a country's soil.
    4. The power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional.
    Show answer

    B. The principle that government may exercise only the powers granted to it by the people through a constitution.: Limited government: the principle that government may exercise only the powers granted to it by the people through a constitution.

  19. A state legislature cannot pass a law that the state constitution forbids. This is an example of which principle?

    1. Natural rights
    2. Limited government
    3. Separation of powers
    4. Social contract
    Show answer

    B. Limited government: This situation illustrates limited government.

  20. Read the scenario: The Bill of Rights lists actions the federal government may not take against individuals. Which principle of American government does it reflect?

    1. Federalism
    2. Limited government
    3. Checks and balances
    4. Direct democracy
    Show answer

    B. Limited government: This situation illustrates limited government.

The Rule of Law (21)

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  1. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    A governor is charged with a crime and stands trial like any other citizen.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. direct democracy
    2. rule of law
    3. majority rule with minority rights
    4. republicanism
    Show answer

    B. rule of law: This scenario illustrates rule of law: the principle that everyone, including government officials, must obey the law.

  2. A president refuses to obey a court order to turn over evidence, claiming the president cannot be bound by courts. This claim most directly conflicts with

    1. republicanism
    2. popular sovereignty
    3. federalism
    4. rule of law
    Show answer

    D. rule of law: The rule of law means officials must obey legal process; see United States v. Nixon.

  3. Which feature of the U.S. legal system best supports the rule of law?

    1. Judges may ignore laws they dislike.
    2. Laws are written, published, and applied equally to everyone.
    3. Leaders can change laws without a vote.
    4. Laws are kept secret from the public.
    Show answer

    B. Laws are written, published, and applied equally to everyone.: Known, public, equally applied rules are essential to the rule of law.

  4. The Constitution's ban on ex post facto laws supports the rule of law because it

    1. prevents punishing people for acts that were legal when committed
    2. allows Congress to punish individuals without trial
    3. lets states ignore federal law
    4. lets the president make laws
    Show answer

    A. prevents punishing people for acts that were legal when committed: Ex post facto laws punish conduct after the fact.

  5. Which principle of American government is best described as the principle that everyone, including government officials, must obey the law?

    1. direct democracy
    2. rule of law
    3. separation of powers
    4. majority rule with minority rights
    Show answer

    B. rule of law: Rule of law is the principle that everyone, including government officials, must obey the law.

  6. Use the excerpt below, from the U.S. Constitution, to answer the question that follows.

    "No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. the right of revolution
    2. independence
    3. rule of law
    4. self-government
    Show answer

    C. rule of law: The excerpt from the U.S. Constitution reflects rule of law.

  7. Which statement best expresses the rule of law?

    1. No one is above the law, including government officials.
    2. Laws apply only to citizens, not leaders.
    3. The president may ignore laws in emergencies.
    4. Judges may create punishments after a crime is committed.
    Show answer

    A. No one is above the law, including government officials.: The rule of law requires that leaders and citizens alike obey the law.

  8. 'Well, when the president does it, that means that it is not illegal.' Which constitutional principle does this 1977 statement by former president Richard Nixon contradict?

    1. federalism
    2. republicanism
    3. rule of law
    4. separation of powers
    Show answer

    C. rule of law: The rule of law holds that no official is above the law.

  9. Which statement best describes the principle of rule of law?

    1. The principle that everyone, including government officials, must obey the law.
    2. The division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
    3. A system in which citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf.
    4. Rights that people are born with and that do not come from government.
    Show answer

    A. The principle that everyone, including government officials, must obey the law.: Rule of law is the principle that everyone, including government officials, must obey the law.

  10. Use the excerpt below, from Common Sense, to answer the question that follows.

    "...in America THE LAW IS KING. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the law ought to be King."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. limits on slavery
    2. rule of law
    3. protection against unreasonable searches
    4. social contract
    Show answer

    B. rule of law: The excerpt from Common Sense reflects rule of law.

  11. Which of the following is the best example of rule of law?

    1. The president vetoes a bill passed by Congress.
    2. Colonists argue that their rights to life and liberty come from their Creator, not from the king.
    3. Florida sets its own public school graduation requirements while the federal government regulates interstate highways.
    4. A governor is charged with a crime and stands trial like any other citizen.
    Show answer

    D. A governor is charged with a crime and stands trial like any other citizen.: Rule of law is the principle that everyone, including government officials, must obey the law.

  12. Use the excerpt below, from the Magna Carta, to answer the question that follows.

    "To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. popular sovereignty
    2. representative government
    3. rule of law
    4. independence
    Show answer

    C. rule of law: The excerpt from the Magna Carta reflects rule of law.

  13. Which document of 1215 first established the idea that the English king was subject to the law?

    1. Magna Carta
    2. Petition of Right
    3. English Bill of Rights
    4. Mayflower Compact
    Show answer

    A. Magna Carta: Magna Carta limited King John's power.

  14. Which statement best expresses the rule of law?

    1. Everyone, including government officials, must obey the law.
    2. The president may ignore laws during emergencies.
    3. Laws apply only to citizens, not to officials.
    4. Judges may make any law they want.
    Show answer

    A. Everyone, including government officials, must obey the law.: Under the rule of law, no person is above the law, and laws are applied fairly and equally.

  15. Which practice best supports the rule of law?

    1. Laws are kept secret until someone is charged.
    2. High officials are exempt from criminal laws.
    3. Laws are published in advance and applied equally to everyone.
    4. Rulers decide punishments after the fact.
    Show answer

    C. Laws are published in advance and applied equally to everyone.: People can obey the law only if they can know it. Public, clear, and equally applied laws are a core part of the rule of law.

  16. Article I prohibits ex post facto laws. How does this support the rule of law?

    1. People cannot be punished for acts that were legal when they did them.
    2. Congress can punish people without a trial.
    3. States can ignore federal court decisions.
    4. The president can change criminal penalties at will.
    Show answer

    A. People cannot be punished for acts that were legal when they did them.: An ex post facto law makes an act a crime after it was committed, or increases the punishment afterward. Banning such laws means people can rely on the law as it stood.

  17. Which situation is the clearest violation of the rule of law?

    1. A city council passes a new parking ordinance by majority vote.
    2. A judge dismisses a case because police violated the Fourth Amendment.
    3. A mayor orders police not to ticket the mayor's friends for traffic violations.
    4. A state legislature raises the speed limit on highways.
    Show answer

    C. A mayor orders police not to ticket the mayor's friends for traffic violations.: Selectively exempting favored people from the law means the law is not applied equally, which violates the rule of law.

  18. A governor is fined for breaking campaign finance laws just like any other citizen would be. Which principle does this show?

    1. Rule of law
    2. Popular sovereignty
    3. Federalism
    4. Representative democracy
    Show answer

    A. Rule of law: Under the rule of law, everyone, including officials, must obey the law.

  19. A sitting governor is prosecuted and convicted for corruption just like any other citizen. This is an example of which principle?

    1. Individual liberty
    2. Rule of law
    3. Majority rule with minority rights
    4. Popular sovereignty
    Show answer

    B. Rule of law: This situation illustrates rule of law.

  20. Read the scenario: A city council must follow the same published procedures every time it changes a zoning rule. Which principle of American government does it reflect?

    1. Natural rights
    2. Individual liberty
    3. Separation of powers
    4. Rule of law
    Show answer

    D. Rule of law: This situation illustrates rule of law.

  21. Which principle is best illustrated by this situation? A police chief is fired and charged after ignoring court orders.

    1. Direct democracy
    2. Social contract
    3. Rule of law
    4. Popular sovereignty
    Show answer

    C. Rule of law: This situation illustrates rule of law.

Checks and Balances (48)

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  1. Which branch of government has the power to interpret laws?

    1. administrative
    2. legislative
    3. executive
    4. judicial
    Show answer

    D. judicial: Article III gives courts the judicial power.

  2. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    The Supreme Court strikes down a law signed by the president.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. direct democracy
    2. checks and balances
    3. individual liberty
    4. equality under the law
    Show answer

    B. checks and balances: This scenario illustrates checks and balances: a system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.

  3. Which is an example of the executive branch checking the judicial branch?

    1. ruling on a lawsuit
    2. overriding a veto
    3. impeaching a president
    4. appointing federal judges
    Show answer

    D. appointing federal judges: The president nominates federal judges.

  4. Which is a check the House of Representatives alone possesses?

    1. ratifying treaties
    2. confirming judges
    3. bringing articles of impeachment against federal officials
    4. trying impeachments
    Show answer

    C. bringing articles of impeachment against federal officials: The House impeaches; the Senate tries.

  5. How can Congress check the Supreme Court?

    1. by vetoing a Court decision
    2. by proposing a constitutional amendment to overturn a ruling
    3. by firing a justice for an unpopular ruling
    4. by issuing an executive order
    Show answer

    B. by proposing a constitutional amendment to overturn a ruling: An amendment can reverse a constitutional interpretation, as the Sixteenth Amendment did.

  6. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    The Senate rejects a president's nominee to the Supreme Court.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. limited government
    2. republicanism
    3. constitutionalism
    4. checks and balances
    Show answer

    D. checks and balances: This scenario illustrates checks and balances: a system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.

  7. Which is an example of the legislative branch checking the executive branch?

    1. The president pardons a criminal.
    2. The president appoints a cabinet member.
    3. The Senate refuses to ratify a treaty.
    4. The Supreme Court interprets a statute.
    Show answer

    C. The Senate refuses to ratify a treaty.: Treaties require approval by two-thirds of the Senate.

  8. The president nominates a Supreme Court justice, and the Senate must confirm the nominee. This shared responsibility is an example of

    1. federalism
    2. checks and balances
    3. popular sovereignty
    4. judicial review
    Show answer

    B. checks and balances: Appointment and confirmation are divided between branches.

  9. Use the excerpt below, from Federalist No. 51, to answer the question that follows.

    "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. checks and balances
    2. consent of the governed
    3. property rights
    4. limits on slavery
    Show answer

    A. checks and balances: The excerpt from Federalist No. 51 reflects checks and balances.

  10. Which check does the judicial branch have on the executive branch?

    1. declaring executive actions unconstitutional
    2. impeaching the president
    3. appointing cabinet members
    4. vetoing executive orders before they are issued
    Show answer

    A. declaring executive actions unconstitutional: Courts can strike down unconstitutional executive actions.

  11. Use the excerpt below, from Federalist No. 51, to answer the question that follows.

    "If men were angels, no government would be necessary."

    Which principle is most directly reflected in the excerpt?

    1. limits on slavery
    2. independence
    3. checks and balances
    4. property rights
    Show answer

    C. checks and balances: The excerpt from Federalist No. 51 reflects checks and balances.

  12. Which statement best describes the principle of checks and balances?

    1. A system in which citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf.
    2. A system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.
    3. The idea that people agree to give up some freedoms to a government in exchange for protection of their rights.
    4. The principle that laws apply equally to all people, without guaranteeing equal outcomes.
    Show answer

    B. A system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.: Checks and balances is a system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.

  13. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    The president vetoes a bill passed by Congress.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. limited government
    2. popular sovereignty
    3. checks and balances
    4. constitutionalism
    Show answer

    C. checks and balances: This scenario illustrates checks and balances: a system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.

  14. Which role does the vice president have in the legislative branch?

    1. introducing revenue bills in the House
    2. serving as Speaker of the House
    3. presiding over the Senate and breaking tie votes
    4. appointing members of Congress
    Show answer

    C. presiding over the Senate and breaking tie votes: The vice president is president of the Senate and votes only to break ties.

  15. What is the main purpose of separating government power into three branches?

    1. to reduce the number of elected officials
    2. to prevent any one person or group from gaining too much power
    3. to allow the president to control Congress
    4. to make government work faster
    Show answer

    B. to prevent any one person or group from gaining too much power: Separation of powers guards against tyranny.

  16. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    The House impeaches a federal judge for accepting bribes.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. majority rule with minority rights
    2. social contract
    3. checks and balances
    4. due process
    Show answer

    C. checks and balances: This scenario illustrates checks and balances: a system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.

  17. Which is an example of the judicial branch checking the legislative branch?

    1. declaring war
    2. vetoing a bill
    3. declaring a federal law unconstitutional
    4. confirming an ambassador
    Show answer

    C. declaring a federal law unconstitutional: Through judicial review, courts can invalidate laws passed by Congress.

  18. Which branch of government is responsible for carrying out and enforcing laws?

    1. legislative
    2. electoral
    3. judicial
    4. executive
    Show answer

    D. executive: The president executes the laws under Article II.

  19. Which of the following is the best example of checks and balances?

    1. The president vetoes a bill passed by Congress.
    2. A public university must hold a hearing before expelling a student for misconduct.
    3. A governor is charged with a crime and stands trial like any other citizen.
    4. A city council passes a budget by majority vote but cannot use it to deny a religious group the right to worship.
    Show answer

    A. The president vetoes a bill passed by Congress.: Checks and balances is a system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.

  20. Which statement best describes the principle of separation of powers?

    1. The principle that the majority decides while the basic rights of smaller groups are protected.
    2. The division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
    3. The idea that government is limited by and must follow a written constitution.
    4. The freedom of each person to act, believe, and speak without unreasonable government interference.
    Show answer

    B. The division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.: Separation of powers is the division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

  21. Which principle of American government is best described as a system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches?

    1. republicanism
    2. constitutionalism
    3. checks and balances
    4. majority rule with minority rights
    Show answer

    C. checks and balances: Checks and balances is a system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.

  22. Which of the following is the best example of separation of powers?

    1. The Constitution gives lawmaking power to Congress, enforcement power to the president, and the power to interpret laws to the courts.
    2. A defendant receives notice of the charges, a hearing before a neutral judge, and a chance to present evidence.
    3. A city council passes a budget by majority vote but cannot use it to deny a religious group the right to worship.
    4. A police chief is prosecuted for breaking the same traffic laws he enforces.
    Show answer

    A. The Constitution gives lawmaking power to Congress, enforcement power to the president, and the power to interpret laws to the courts.: Separation of powers is the division of government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

  23. Use the scenario below to answer the question that follows.

    Congress overrides a presidential veto with a two-thirds vote in each house.

    Which principle of American government is best illustrated by the scenario?

    1. checks and balances
    2. popular sovereignty
    3. social contract
    4. direct democracy
    Show answer

    A. checks and balances: This scenario illustrates checks and balances: a system in which each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches.

  24. How can Congress override a presidential veto?

    1. By a simple majority in the House only
    2. By a vote of three-fourths of the state legislatures
    3. By a two-thirds vote in both the House and the Senate
    4. By asking the Supreme Court to rule on the bill
    Show answer

    C. By a two-thirds vote in both the House and the Senate: Article I, Section 7 lets a vetoed bill become law if two-thirds of each house votes to pass it again.

  25. Which is a check the judicial branch has on Congress?

    1. Vetoing bills
    2. Impeaching members of Congress
    3. Deciding how federal money is spent
    4. Declaring a law unconstitutional
    Show answer

    D. Declaring a law unconstitutional: Through judicial review, established in Marbury v. Madison (1803), federal courts can strike down laws that conflict with the Constitution.

  26. Which is a check the Senate has on the president?

    1. Approving or rejecting treaties, which requires a two-thirds vote
    2. Starting all bills for raising revenue
    3. Commanding the armed forces in wartime
    4. Choosing the president in every election
    Show answer

    A. Approving or rejecting treaties, which requires a two-thirds vote: Under Article II, the president makes treaties "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," with two-thirds of senators present agreeing.

  27. The House of Representatives impeaches a federal official. What happens next?

    1. The Senate holds a trial, and a two-thirds vote is needed to convict and remove the official.
    2. The Supreme Court decides whether the official is guilty.
    3. The official is removed from office immediately.
    4. The president decides whether to accept the impeachment.
    Show answer

    A. The Senate holds a trial, and a two-thirds vote is needed to convict and remove the official.: The House has the sole power to impeach (bring charges). The Senate has the sole power to try impeachments, and conviction requires two-thirds of the senators present.

  28. When a president is tried on impeachment charges, who presides over the Senate trial?

    1. The vice president
    2. The Chief Justice of the United States
    3. The Speaker of the House
    4. The Senate majority leader
    Show answer

    B. The Chief Justice of the United States: Article I, Section 3 provides that "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside."

  29. Which check does the president have on the federal courts?

    1. Deciding which cases the Supreme Court will hear
    2. Removing justices at will
    3. Nominating federal judges, including Supreme Court justices
    4. Overturning court rulings by executive order
    Show answer

    C. Nominating federal judges, including Supreme Court justices: The president nominates federal judges, and the Senate confirms them. Once confirmed, judges serve during good behavior.

  30. Congress's "power of the purse" lets it check the executive branch by

    1. firing cabinet members directly.
    2. commanding troops in the field.
    3. pardoning people convicted of federal crimes.
    4. controlling how federal money is raised and spent.
    Show answer

    D. controlling how federal money is raised and spent.: Article I gives Congress the power to tax and to appropriate money. No money may be drawn from the Treasury without an appropriation made by law.

  31. The Senate votes 46–54 against the president's nominee for Secretary of State. What has happened?

    1. The House impeached the nominee.
    2. The president vetoed the Senate's decision.
    3. The Senate used its advice and consent power to reject the appointment.
    4. The Supreme Court struck down the nomination.
    Show answer

    C. The Senate used its advice and consent power to reject the appointment.: Major appointments require Senate confirmation by majority vote, a check on the president's power to staff the executive branch.

  32. What is the vice president's regular constitutional role in the legislative branch?

    1. Serving as Speaker of the House
    2. Leading the majority party in the House
    3. Deciding which bills reach the president
    4. Serving as president of the Senate and casting tie-breaking votes
    Show answer

    D. Serving as president of the Senate and casting tie-breaking votes: Article I, Section 3 makes the vice president the President of the Senate, with no vote "unless they be equally divided."

  33. The Senate rejects a president's nominee for the Supreme Court. This is an example of

    1. the judicial branch checking Congress
    2. federalism
    3. the executive checking the judiciary
    4. the legislative branch checking the executive branch
    Show answer

    D. the legislative branch checking the executive branch: Senate confirmation lets the legislative branch check the president's appointment power.

  34. Which is a check the judicial branch has on the executive branch?

    1. Vetoing a bill
    2. Impeaching the president
    3. Confirming ambassadors
    4. Declaring an executive action unconstitutional
    Show answer

    D. Declaring an executive action unconstitutional: Through judicial review, courts can strike down unconstitutional executive actions.

  35. The Chief Justice presides when the Senate holds an impeachment trial of

    1. a senator
    2. a governor
    3. the Speaker of the House
    4. the president
    Show answer

    D. the president: Article I, Section 3 says the Chief Justice presides when the president is tried.

  36. Which term describes a system that lets each branch limit the actions of the other branches?

    1. Checks and balances
    2. Judicial review
    3. Impeachment
    4. Reserved powers
    Show answer

    A. Checks and balances: Checks and balances is a system that lets each branch limit the actions of the other branches.

  37. Which statement best defines "checks and balances"?

    1. A primary in which only voters registered with a party may vote for that party's candidates.
    2. A system that lets each branch limit the actions of the other branches.
    3. Citizenship based on being born on a country's soil.
    4. An organization that raises and contributes money to candidates, subject to contribution limits.
    Show answer

    B. A system that lets each branch limit the actions of the other branches.: Checks and balances: a system that lets each branch limit the actions of the other branches.

  38. Which term describes the power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional?

    1. Judicial review
    2. Rule of law
    3. Separation of powers
    4. Federalism
    Show answer

    A. Judicial review: Judicial review is the power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional.

  39. Which statement best defines "judicial review"?

    1. The principle that a government's just powers come from the agreement of the people it rules.
    2. The requirement that government follow fair procedures and respect legal rights before taking a person's life, liberty, or property.
    3. Drawing district lines to give one party or group an unfair advantage.
    4. The power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional.
    Show answer

    D. The power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional.: Judicial review: the power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional.

  40. Which term describes the House's formal accusation of wrongdoing against an official, which can lead to a Senate trial and removal?

    1. Judicial review
    2. Federalism
    3. Rule of law
    4. Impeachment
    Show answer

    D. Impeachment: Impeachment is the House's formal accusation of wrongdoing against an official, which can lead to a Senate trial and removal.

  41. Which statement best defines "impeachment"?

    1. An agreement in which people consent to form a government and accept its authority in exchange for protection of their rights.
    2. A system in which citizens vote on laws and policies themselves.
    3. The guarantee that government will treat people in similar situations equally under the law.
    4. The House's formal accusation of wrongdoing against an official, which can lead to a Senate trial and removal.
    Show answer

    D. The House's formal accusation of wrongdoing against an official, which can lead to a Senate trial and removal.: Impeachment: the House's formal accusation of wrongdoing against an official, which can lead to a Senate trial and removal.

  42. Which principle is best illustrated by this situation? The Senate votes not to confirm the president's nominee for the Supreme Court.

    1. Direct democracy
    2. Checks and balances
    3. Due process
    4. Federalism
    Show answer

    B. Checks and balances: This situation illustrates checks and balances.

  43. The president vetoes a bill that Congress has passed. This is an example of which principle?

    1. Equal protection
    2. Federalism
    3. Majority rule with minority rights
    4. Checks and balances
    Show answer

    D. Checks and balances: This situation illustrates checks and balances.

  44. Read the scenario: Congress overrides a veto by a two-thirds vote in each house. Which principle of American government does it reflect?

    1. Popular sovereignty
    2. Due process
    3. Natural rights
    4. Checks and balances
    Show answer

    D. Checks and balances: This situation illustrates checks and balances.

  45. Which principle is best illustrated by this situation? A federal court rules that an executive order is unconstitutional.

    1. Individual liberty
    2. Direct democracy
    3. Equal protection
    4. Checks and balances
    Show answer

    D. Checks and balances: This situation illustrates checks and balances.

  46. The House impeaches a federal judge for accepting bribes. This is an example of which principle?

    1. Social contract
    2. Limited government
    3. Natural rights
    4. Checks and balances
    Show answer

    D. Checks and balances: This situation illustrates checks and balances.

  47. Read the scenario: The Senate refuses to ratify a treaty the president negotiated. Which principle of American government does it reflect?

    1. Checks and balances
    2. Natural rights
    3. Representative democracy
    4. Rule of law
    Show answer

    A. Checks and balances: This situation illustrates checks and balances.

  48. Each of the following is an example of checks and balances EXCEPT

    1. An adult decides which job to take and where to live without government approval.
    2. The House impeaches a federal judge for accepting bribes.
    3. The president vetoes a bill that Congress has passed.
    4. A federal court rules that an executive order is unconstitutional.
    Show answer

    A. An adult decides which job to take and where to live without government approval.: That situation illustrates individual liberty, not checks and balances.

United States v. Lopez (1995) (1)

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  1. In United States v. Lopez (1995), the Supreme Court strengthened federalism by ruling that

    1. states could ignore federal laws they disagreed with.
    2. the president could not enforce federal gun laws.
    3. the Second Amendment applied to the states.
    4. Congress had exceeded its Commerce Clause power by banning guns near schools.
    Show answer

    D. Congress had exceeded its Commerce Clause power by banning guns near schools.: The Court held the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 unconstitutional because carrying a gun near a school is not an economic activity that substantially affects interstate commerce.